The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy - President's Doctrine Assignment

The Cold War and U.S. Tact - President's Doctrine - Assignment Example Without the help of Great Britain, neither Greece nor Turkey could endure the Soviet assault. Strategy creators in the U.S knew about the shakiness in this area and expected that if Turkey yielded to the weights from the Soviets, Greece’s position will be undermined and that Turkey itself would not get by for long if Greece surrenders to socialism. The key significance of the dependability Greece and Turkey to the U.S can't be sabotaged since their fall would mean geologically reinforcing of the Soviet Union’s capacity to end neighborly flexibly chains in the midst of war. As indicated by the U.S Undersecretary of state Dean Acheson, the U.S had more in question if either Greece or Turkey was to fall. The spread of socialism would be far and wide coming to the extent India toward the east and Iran toward the south. Such feelings of dread are what affected Truman’s organization to rethink American Foreign arrangement (McGhee, 2006). Conversation The withdrawal of Great Britain’s money related guide to both Greece and Turkey, the associated impedance with Soviet in Turkish and Greek undertakings and the waning connection between the U.S and the Soviet Union is the thing that affected President Truman’s organization choice of reorienting the U.S international strategy. ... This at that point came to be known as the â€Å"Truman’s Doctrine† and was thusly received by the Congress and is the thing that molded Americas international strategy (Merrill, 2006). Truman considered a Communist triumph in Greece to sabotage the political solidness in Turkey as well as imperil the political security in the Middle East. He contended that the U.S national security depended on its regional security as well as on the control of the Soviet tyranny persuasive venture into autonomous, free countries. The United States reoriented international strategy dependent on Truman’s precept currently implied that it would effectively help in safeguarding the political autonomy and respectability of â€Å"free people’s† as far such help was to the greatest advantage of the U.S. As indicated by Truman, the U.S expected to avail$400 million worth of help to both the Turkish and Greek Governments and help in the sending of hardware, U.Smilitary and regular citizen faculty to the district. This teaching was the first among a few control proportions of managing domino impact of socialism (Merrill, 2006). The U.S government at that point set out on reestablishing the economies of Western Europe nations as a socialism control measure. To do this, the â€Å"Marshall Plan†also known as Economic Cooperation Actwas built up on June 5, 1947 and got operational in April 1948. Through this arrangement, the U.S was to give budgetary guide to aid the reproduction of the war-torn locales and help in mechanical modernization. The Marshal plan was a tremendous achievement and was supplanted in 1951 by the â€Å"Mutual Security Plan†. The U.S strategy producers were realized that countries across Europe could

a comparison of art in the age essays

an examination of workmanship in the age articles The Middle Ages, the Early Renaissance, and the High Renaissance are just three ages independently however all in all helped shape our cutting edge methods of reasoning and thoughts of workmanship and impacted ages of specialists among them, Leonardo Da Vinci, Giovanni Bellini, and Giotto. Among there numerous centerpieces there stand apart to me these three. Vitruvian Man 1492(Leonardo Da Vinci), Feast of the Gods (Giovanni Bellini), and Christus Rex (Giotto). The Late Gothic is the extension between the Middle Age and the Renaissance. The Crusades and exchange that followed from them brought an inundation of Byzantine craftsmanship and specialists to western Europeans. This impact shows up unequivocally in the emotionalism of an enormous wooden crosses and symbols. In spite of the fact that they are as yet Byzantine in style, they were turning out to be progressively 'Western' in treatment. Through these associations numerous abstract works of traditional vestige were brought toward the West. The new age started in the fourteenth century, where legal advisors and public accountants imitated old Latin style and examined Roman archaic exploration. The tale unification of the trademark style in craftsmanship in Europe additionally occurred toward the finish of the fourteenth century. The new authority was the outcome of a diverse trade of different masterful thoughts and had gone on for quite a few years. It is hard to call attention to the spot and the time where the style appeared. That style was named the International Gothic. The most noteworthy specialists of the period are Cimabue and Giotto. Giotto was prepared in the Byzantine convention. The workmanship describe rediscovery of the third measurement, of genuine and quantifiable space and design jargon dependent on the investigation of Classical structures. Giotto has become the image of a significant reestablishment throughout the entire existence of Western non-literal expressions, and of the main radical restoration since antiquated Greece. He changed over the craft of painting from Greek to Latin and got the cutting edge time - this is Cennino Cennini'... <!

Antebellum Rights for Blacks essays

Prior to the war Rights for Blacks articles The prior to the war time frame is commonly viewed as the time between 1820 furthermore, the start of the war in 1865. Subjection was an essential segment of the way of life in the United States around then. Abolitionists had large amounts of the North while the exchange' kept on prospering in the south. Three reports from that period present the social just as legitimate point of view The first is an article by a conspicuous specialist, Dr. Samuel Cartwright, entitled, Diseases and Peculiarities of the Negro Race. It was his motivation to approve the responsibility for as a methods for giving safe house and industry to a race incapacitated to such an extent, that they couldn't flourish all alone. The subsequent archive is the assessment of Justice Taney in the Dred Scott versus Sanford instance of 1857. Here, it is lawfully decided blacks of the pre-Civil War time don't have the privileges of an American resident. The third record is a discourse introduced to the United States Senate on March 4, 1858 by James Henry Hammond wherein he contends that the dark race are slaves through common law. These records were written in the conviction that servitude was a real social organization in light of the mediocrity of the dark race. The Southern estate framework was socially and financially reliant on slave work to proceed. The asset slave was possessed and had completely no rights, including the privilege to life, that was not constrained by the proprietor. The estate proprietors didn't consider slave work to be 'free' see that the consideration and upkeep of the slaves was their duty. In the 1840's a doctor, Samuel Cartwright, made a mental analysis called drapetomania that was explicit to slaves - most prominently found among liberated slaves. The turmoil was described by a halfway apathy of the skin, thus extraordinary a hebetude of the scholarly resources, as to resemble an individual half as... <!

Hydrophonics: An Agricultural Advancements

From cloned creatures to herbicide-safe seed, science-based advancements have never affected agribusiness than they are today and will probably keep on having later on. The mechanical progressions in agribusiness somewhere in the range of 1960 and 1990 are regularly alluded to as the Green Revolution. These advancements incorporated the turn of events and commercialization of high return seeds, the expanded use of concoction pesticides and herbicides, and the far reaching utilization of present day composts and water system methods. Soil Science is the characteristic asset science dedicated to the dainty layer of the world's lithosphere (outside layer) answerable for supporting life. Soil Science incorporates the essential organic, concoction topographical and physical qualities of the dirts of the world, just as the administration of soils to create food and secure nature. Hydroponics from the Latin ‘water working', is just developing plants without soil. Hydroponics is as old as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Today this innovation is generally used to develop rich, solid indoor plants and premium evaluation vegetables, leafy foods. The physiological necessities of plants can be met without the utilization of soil or common daylight. Plants are established (and therefore upheld) in a latent medium and sustenance is given by water dissolvable mineral components. The corn borer is destroying for the rancher, costing cultivators more than $1 billion yearly in the United States. Bt represents Bacillus thuringiensis, which is a normally happening soil life form. Bacillus thuringiensis produces an amazing poison protein that executes the European corn borer when ingested. Because of this recognition, specialists altered the Bt quality that creates the protein in the living being. At that point, they embedded the adjusted quality into corn germplasm. Researchers can even pick which part of the corn plant they need to show the Bt attribute: in green tissue and dust, or even corn leaves, sheath, tail, ear shank, pieces and silks. Thus, the Bt quality improved corn germplasm can execute the corn borer similarly as the Bacillus thuringiensis living being can.

Health and Social Care free essay sample

Utilize distinctive sociological points of view to talk about examples and patterns of wellbeing and sickness in TWO diverse social gatherings. I’m going to expound on two diverse social gatherings, Gender and Social Class since Feminism fits in to sexual orientation and Marxism fits into Social Class. D1-Evaluate diverse sociological clarifications for examples and patterns of wellbeing and disease in two distinctive social gatherings. Social Class-Marxism. M2: This table shows that individuals who live in most denied zones are bound to smoke, are less inclined to have decent training, they more than likely lived in destitution as a kid. This table likewise shows that the least denied individuals are the individuals with the most training and afterward wind up turning into an expert or a supervisor. The Marxist methodology would recommend that the least denied are the decision class and the most denied are the common laborers in the pecking order Marxists accept the most denied individuals shouldn’t have training they figure they ought to be working for the least denied individuals (Middle class) in plants and different spots that way, they realize that the most denied may get sick from the working conditions however they don’t need to pay especially for the work. Continuously attempt and work as a major aspect of a group. The staff in your positions are continually ready to offer help, counsel and direction. Listen cautiously to staff and attempt to adhere to guidelines cautiously. You will be relied upon to utilize your drive, however you won’t be required to recall everything on your first day. On the off chance that you are uncertain about anything please pose inquiries †and in the event that you think that its helpful, take notes. Listen cautiously to support clients. Ensure you take your expert practice document with you every week. Demonstrate the record to the arrangement manager. You likewise need to talk about with the situation chief the exercises that you have to do. Guarantee that your log sheets and week after week synopsis sheets are marked consistently. On the off chance that you have any issues, talk promptly to the situation director. The principle reasons for your situation are to empower you to :- Understand the manner in which a foundation works and what it requirements for it to be fruitful. Addition direct understanding of a working circumstance. See how to function in a sheltered, sound and steady workplace. Meet and become acquainted with individuals who are working in your picked calling and benefit as much as possible from their insight and experience. Have the option to see individuals doing the activity that you think might be your picked profession. Before you start your situation, you ought to :- Ring to present yourself and thank the foundation for taking you on. Organize an enlistment visit, if vital. Ensure you know where you are going and how to arrive. Ensure you know who you have to address on appearance. As a business, we might want you to :- Provide a top notch instructive condition to all understudies, that will at last upgrade their expert turn of events. Give a sheltered workplace to all understudies in your foundation. Guarantee that the situation experience permits the understudy to build up an expansive scope of abilities and face a wide scope of encounters and openings. Guarantee that you offer help and direction to the understudy to permit them to finish any undertakings important to their course. As the mentor/arrangement official we will :- Maintain normal correspondence between the understudy, ourselves and the situation supplier. Screen the student’s progress while on arrangement. Mastermind and attempt visits to the work environment during the student’s position. Offer peaceful help to the understudy during the time of situation. Position AGREEMENT Name of Learner: _________________________ Name of Course:_________________________ Name of Tutor:_________________________ I __________________ consent to go to arrangement on the concurred situation days during term time. I get that on the off chance that I am not ready to go to situation because of ailment or different conditions, it is my duty to: 1) Ring my arrangement before 9. 00 am on every day I am missing. 2) Ring school every day I am missing. 3) Bring in any pertinent documentation identified with my nonattendance (eg doctor’s wiped out note/medical clinic arrangement card). I comprehend that I should finish at least 300 hours of position so as to pass the course. I am mindful that inability to go to arrangement or advise school/position of my nonattendances will bring about a composed notice and/or disciplinary activity. Learner’s signature:_________________________ Print name: ________________________ Tutor’s signature:_________________________ Print name:_________________________ Date : _________________________ STATEMENT OF CONFIDENTIALITY My work will bring me into contact with private data. To guarantee that each one of those utilizing and working in the situation can do as such with certainty, I will regard classification in the accompanying manners: I won't talk about distinct individuals with anybody other than the staff individuals answerable for the everyday consideration of that individual. Any nerves/proof identifying with a people individual security will be accounted for legitimately to the individual in control and won't be shared inside the position. I won't uncover any character highlights, for example, names, dates of birth, addresses, family ancestry or ailments with individuals other than the staff individuals answerable for the everyday consideration of that individual. I will keep up secrecy by guaranteeing that all proof identifying with my position will be kept in a sheltered and secure condition. Work force issues will stay private to the individuals in question. Marked †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Dated †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. YEAR 1 : PLACEMENT ATTENDANCE RECORD NAME PLACEMENT Week Placement Day : Tuesday Hours Completed If missing, purpose behind nonattendance Supervisors Signature 1 Induction N/A N/A N/A 2 Induction 3 Induction 4 Sept 24 5 Oct 1 6 Oct 8 7 Oct 15 8 Oct 22 9 Wk Beg Oct 28 HALF TERM HALF TERM HALF TERM 10 Nov 5 11 Nov 12 Nov 19 13 Nov 26 14 Dec 3 15 Dec 10 16 BLOCK WEEK Dec 16 †Dec 20 17 Wk Beg Dec 23 CHRISTMAS 18 Wk Beg Dec 30 NEW YEAR NEW YEAR NEW YEAR 1 : PLACEMENT ATTENDANCE RECORD Week Placement Day : Tuesday Hours Completed If missing, purpose behind nonattendance Supervisors Signature 19 Jan 7 20 Jan 14 21 Jan 21 22 Jan 28 23 Feb 4 24 Feb 11 25 Week Commencing 17 Feb HALF TERM HALF TERM HALF TERM Total hours out of every week (not start and finish times) must be entered before your director marking. This must be finished toward the finish of each week’s situation and must be accessible for observing by your mentor/arrangement official in school every week. Wellbeing and Social Development Department BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma in Health and Social Care (Health Studies) YEAR 1 : PLACEMENT ATTENDANCE RECORD NAME PLACEMENT Week Placement Day : Tuesday Hours Completed If missing, explanation behind nonappearance Supervisors Signature 26 Feb 25 27 Mar 4 28 Mar 11 29 Mar 18 30 Mar 25 31 Apr 1 32 Wk ask April 7 EASTER 33 Wk ask Apr 14 EASTER 34 Apr 22 35 BLOCK WEEK Apr 28 †May 2 36 May 6 37 May 13 38 May 20 39 Wk ask May 26 HALF TERM HALF TERM HALF TERM YEAR 1 : PLACEMENT ATTENDANCE RECORD Week Placement Day : Tuesday Hours Completed If missing, purpose behind nonattendance Supervisors Signature 40 Jun 3 41 Jun 10 42 Jun 17 43 Wk ask Jun 23 ADDITIONAL DAYS IF NEEDED All out hours of the week (not start and finish times) must be entered preceding your manager marking. This must be finished toward the finish of each week’s position and should be accessible for checking by your mentor/situation official in school every week. YEAR 1 : PLACEMENT ATTENDANCE RECORD NAME PLACEMENT ONE TOTAL HOURS REPORT RECEIVED PLACEMENT TWO TOTAL HOURS REPORT RECEIVED Verified by †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Dated †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Scenario: Much of the hypothesis secured while examining the different units that make up your L3 Extended Diploma in Health Social Care relates legitimately to your position understanding. Consequently parts of your Unit 1: Communication, Unit 2: Equality, Diversity Rights, Unit 3: Health, Safety and Security, Unit 6: Personal Professional Development and Unit 44: Vocational Experience appraisal have been remembered for this Placement Portfolio. You are required to take this Portfolio with you each time you go to your situation so you can cause notes, to review any associations attempted, gather observer proclamations and for the most part accumulate proof required to finish your unit task assignments. Keeping tabs on Your Development Grading Criteria Date due: Date accomplished and mentor signature: UNIT 1 †Communication in Health Social Care P1 Explain the job of compelling correspondence and relational cooperation in a wellbeing and social consideration setting P2 Discuss speculations of correspondence P5 Participate in a balanced connection in a wellbeing and social consideration setting P6 Participate in a gathering collaboration in a wellbeing and social consideration setting P3 Explain factors that may impact correspondence and relational associations in wellbeing and social consideration situations M3 Assess your correspondence and relational abilities according to every communication D2 Evaluate factors that affected the adequacy of every connection

New Student Photo Series 2011 Post #7 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2011 â€" Post #7 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The new student photo series continues again today.   If you have sent photos, thank you and we will work on posting.   If   you have yet to send photos see this entry for details. The first set today comes from Linda Pappagallo, an incoming MIA student. The first two pictures were taken in Ghana and the last in Mozambique. Life at 6am My Political Party and my dog Waiting for the Portuguese The next set is from Daniel A. Mikhailov, an incoming MIA student. In Russia, behind every powerful man, is a Matryoshka. Somewhere in Israel on camelback we came across a traveler. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Hi Ms. Champei, may I borrow some sugar please (neighborly interaction).

Critique of Compulsory Education in America - 1925 Words

Critique of Compulsory Education in America (Essay Sample) Content: Critique of Compulsory Education in AmericaCourseNameDate OutlineThesis: Compulsory education should continue in AmericaIntroductionBackground Largely informal before enactmentInequality and child labourEffectiveness Benefits of compulsory educationIncreased academic attainmentA desirable system Improves earningsHomogenization of societyReduced crimePreparation for further education in specialized fieldsArguments against compulsory educationCurtails freedom of choiceCoercive in naturePoor qualityHomeschooling Conclusion Abstract Compulsory schooling laws in America date back to the eighteen fifties when the initial laws were enacted in Massachusetts. Other states enacted similar laws. The laws provided for the minimum and maximum age limits for the attendees. This paper will discuss compulsory education and its importance. This research is a meta-analysis of existing research in the topic. It will be conducted in the library using both online and print materials. Thi s paper is intended to analyze the importance of education in America. The results indicate that equity and child labor were the main motivating factors. Though the laws did not exert an immediate effect, they have been shown to have considerable effects on the learners. For instance, enrollment steadily increased following their enactment. The findings further indicate that compulsory education encourages attendees to stay in school longer. This is has been associated with increased earning ability. Those opposed to compulsory education point out that it is coercive and restrictive in nature. Critique of Compulsory Education in AmericaIn 1852, the United States of America adopted its initial compulsory schooling laws in Massachusetts (Lleras-Muney, 2002). By around 1920, a majority of states had enacted similar laws (Lleras-Muney, 2002). The laws varied from state to state. The laws provided for the minimum and maximum age limits for the attendees. Over the years, save for provisi ons in some states, the laws have largely remained the same. This paper will analyze the importance of compulsory education in America in relation to present day challenges. It will begin by giving the background of compulsory education in America. Analysis of the importance of compulsory education in America will follow. It will then end by analyzing views against compulsory education in America. Compulsory education should continue in America.Prior to 1852, education in the whole of America was mainly controlled by private entities. Formal education institutions were largely operated by religious organisations (Lleras-Muney, 2001). There were no laws requiring children or adults to attain a certain level of education. The laws enacted in all the states set a minimum level of education. The laws further set the lower and upper age limits. The laws also specified penalties for those who did not comply. There are conditions in which exemption may be approved. For instance, children c an be exempted from compulsory public schooling if their parents demonstrate ability to offer equivalent education at home. Children are also permitted to attend state sanctioned private schools. Some states have disincentives to discourage early school dropout. For example, withholding drivers license until one attains eighteen years. Factors that contributed to the enactment of compulsory attendance laws include inequality and child labor (Reidy, 2001). The laws were enacted with the aim of bridging the gap between the privileged and the underprivileged. Another aim was to discourage child labour. Child labour laws were complementary to compulsory education laws. The laws specified circumstances under which children could be allowed to work. However, this is no longer valid in the present day America because child labour is not a major problem now. There is little evidence showing the effectiveness of the laws immediately after their enactment (Lleras-Muney, 2002). In fact, some early scholars concluded that compulsory education did not lead to improved literacy levels. This was based on high school completion rates. However, it is thought that it was hard to discern the overall effect owing to erratic implementation of the laws. Later, research demonstrated that the laws led to increased enrollment (Nguyen, Taylor and Bradley, 2006). It is hoped that increased enrolment will lead to increased completion rates. Completion influences the overall economic situation of the learners. Completion rates are instrumental in measuring the outcome of the laws (Light and Strayer, 2000).Compulsory education enabled the masses to access education (Light and Strayer, 2000). Those with financial difficulties could access it in state sponsored schools. Proponents argue that it is the only way that the government can promote equity. In addition, the United Nations identifies education as a basic need. Therefore, the government must continue providing basic education. Educat ion tends to level the ground for all citizens. Compulsory education provided by the state represents the aspirations and views of the citizens (Reidy, 2001). The laws were passed because the society saw a need for basic education. The community felt that every child should acquire some education to fit well into society. In other words, the people saw a direct relationship between good citizenship and education. The early residents of the United States associated education with proper societal integration. Therefore, compulsory education was not expected to encounter resistance. It is thought that integrating children of immigrants into the American society was among the original objectives of compulsory education. Integration of immigrants into the American society is still important in present day America. It has been demonstrated that education improves the livelihood of the learners (Lleras-Muney, 2002). It is believed that the earning ability of an individual increases with ed ucation. Higher, levels of education improve the possibility of getting a job. Higher education improves knowledge and skills of an individual. It has been noted that those who managed to proceed beyond secondary education earn more than those who drop out early (Lleras-Muney, 2002). This discrepancy may be explained by the skill gap that exists between the two groups. However, it should be noted that formal education is not the only factor contributing to improved earnings. Some people with little formal education have respectable incomes. Some talented individuals fall in this category. It has been shown that talented individuals opt to drop out of school so that they can develop their talents. Therefore, while compulsory education increases the likelihood that a student will transition to higher education, it is not the only path to better earnings. Originally, most states required children to attend school between the ages of six and sixteen (National Center for Education Stati stics, 2012). However, due to research findings showing increased income for those who completed high school and transitioned to tertiary education, suggestions to increase the age limit to 18 years were made (Oreopoulos, 2005). The proponents of this idea argued that longer stay in school would improve the future economic situation of both the learners and the state. Some states are in the process of amending the upper age limit. Another advantage of compulsory education is homogenization of society. Since all children are exposed to the same content and curriculum, all acquire certain attributes that the society desires (Reidy, 2001). Homogeneity is an important aspect of peaceful coexistence. The products of such a system learn to appreciate societal diversity. The learners may learn to be more tolerant. Homogeneity in the educational content itself is also important. It eases monitoring and evaluation of the system. It is important to evaluate the system in order to maintain hig h standards. Evaluation of harmonized content is much easier and reliable.Compulsory education may lead to decline in crime (Lochner and Moretti, 2004). There is a correlation between continued schooling and the rate of crime. Those who continue to pursue education are less likely to engage in criminal activities. It is important for the government to keep teenagers in school until they graduate. This is because school dropouts are likely to engage in crime to make ends meet. In addition, dropping out of school lowers chances of securing meaningful employment. It has been demonstrated that those who do not have tertiary education earn less. The dropouts may take part in crime to supplement their income. In order to prevent this, the government should put policies in place that ensure that the students remain in school until they are ready for the job market. However, it is important to note that dropping out of school is not the only thing that influences youth to participate in cri minal activities.Some professions demand high level of education owing to their specialized nature (Bishop and Mane, 2001). For example, one cannot become a medical doctor without completing high school and proceeding to university. The skill set required for the specialized fields demand above average academic qualification. Therefore, it may be argued that compulsory education lays the foundation for such professions. The society needs these professions. The opponents of compulsory education argue that it deprives parents the natural right to choose what is good for their children (Reidy, 2001). Parents and guardians have a right to teach their children what they consider useful. The freedom of choice enshrined in the bill of rights has been used to support this argument. This right has been cited by the court when granting parents exemption from compulsory educat...

Reaganomics Essay - 1894 Words

How Reaganomics Will Affect My Life Reaganomics was economics policies which were propelled by United States President, Ronald Reagan during 1980s. These policies were based on fours pillars namely; reduction of the growth of government spending, reduction of income and capital gains marginal tax rates, reduction of government regulation of economy, and controlling of the money in supply so as to reduce inflation. Their basic aims were to lower taxes and create a leaner government. According to Reagan his decision was informed on stimulation of the economy taxes, financed by borrowing. Lowering taxes was aimed at reviving the economy, which in turn would see the increased tax revenues being used to offset the debts incurred (Niskanen†¦show more content†¦Another theory that influenced reaganomicism was that of Milton Friedman. He was the founder of monetarism. His theory asserts that the â€Å"level and direction of spending on the federal budget is more important than the amount of the deficit, and that a stable monetary policy allows borrowing to finance an unbalanced budget†. Reagan used the two when he oversaw a plan that relied on faith in free enterprise, not necessary in government, as the basis for economic expansion (Boskin1987). As a result of lower taxes, it prompted corporation to invest, leading U.S consumers to buy more. As the company grew, due to increased consumer spending, it would indirectly raise government tax revenues. The trend would trickle to benefit even the poorest U.S citizens. Reaganomics principles encouraged many industries to have self-control during the early 80s. This led to greater competition and lower prices for consumers (Boskin 1887). 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Reagan stepped in ready to mend the deep scars left behind by setting forth an economic plan, Reaganomics, in hopes to bail out our sinking country. Though many may say Reagan’s conservative ways had this plan favoring the upper class, this was not the case. In 1981 President Carter handed his duty to Ronald Reagan in a vulnerable time for the countryRead MoreTax and Reagan1575 Words   |  7 Pagesour problems; government is the problem.† After only 71 days in office Reagan survived an assassination attempt and gained even more support from Americans. So he initiated his domestic policies by advancing a set of policies, also known as Reaganomics, his policies were launched as a three prong assault on taxes, social welfare spending and regulatory bureaucracy. Reagan organized his cabinet, and with the release of the Iranian hostages the day he was inaugurated, freed Reagan and his cabinetRead MoreThe Content Of The Cult Film They Live2044 Words   |  9 Pagesto Carpenters own personal dissolution with the ever-increasing commercialization of 1980s popular culture and politics. He describes the film in an interview with Robert Rodriguez as ‘’a primal scream against Reaganomics, just a worship of greed and money’’ (El Ray Network, 2014). Reaganomics refers to the economic climate promoted by President Ronald Reagan during his presidential term in 1980s America (Clark, 2013). ‘’These policies are commonly associated with supply-side economics, referred toRead MoreLeadership Style of Sir Richard Branson2305 Words   |  10 Pagesthe Great Communicator, but the results did not come effortlessly. Let me try to give you an idea of how the process worked. His address to the nation in early February 198 1 was going to be the occasion for his publicly laying out what became Reaganomics. The process of writing this important speech revealed much about the man. He assembled a group of his key advisers and speechwriters in his living quarters on the top floor of the White House. (He often said that he lived above the store.)Read MoreReaganomics and Its Effect on Minority Groups1519 Words   |  7 PagesReagan’s two terms as leader of the free world are the laws, regulations, and policies passed under his two terms as President of the United States. These regulations soon became known as â€Å"Reaganomics†, a term that is still used today to describe these policies. Hidden underneath the manufactured depiction of Reaganomics policies by mass media lies a controversial observation: these policies may have created a permanent shift in American society which, as a result, disenfranchised minorities since they

Agency Review Essay - 1080 Words

Agency Review on the Family Resource Center Every community mental health and local agency programs provide a needed service in the local community. Each program is important and provides everyone access to crucial mental health treatment and other needed resources. These programs provide services such as access to medication, emergency mental health services and counseling for everyone that do not have the means to pay for these services. Different centers provide specific services that are needed in a high-need area. One centers service may include group counseling, individual counseling, assessments, and pharmaceutical services at a low cost. Another center may provide services such as support groups, classes on different topics,†¦show more content†¦Services are provided at no cost to the individual or family. Main Goals The main goals that The Family Resource Center is to provide programs that will strengthen families. The programs that will help meet the needs of the families and aim to strengthen their goals are, parenting skills development, positive youth development, teen pregnancy prevention, increase graduation rates, family financial stability, promote literacy, job readiness, and positive father involvement. Target Population and Client Demographics The center provides services for children, adolescents, teens, adults, and elderly. Age ranges from birth until the time death. Services are open to all cultures that are seeking services. Each client and family members are able to receive individual counseling sessions, family counseling sessions, attend group meeting, attend workshops, and classes as often as they want at no charge. Source of Funding The Family Resource Center is funded from a grant through the Mississippi Department of Human Services and a state Economic Assistance Program. Other sponsors include United Way of Northeast Mississippi, Department of Public Safety, National Children’s Alliance, CREATE, ICC, The Stubbs Foundation, Lee CountyShow MoreRelatedVisual Exploration Of Video Games1260 Words   |  6 Pagesexisting skills and brought me out of my comfort zone of traditional essay writing. The review process was another major way that I was able to develop as a multimodal communicator. While I still have room to improve in the creativity and visual components of my work, this course has given me much needed exposure to these aspects of communication while also further developing my strengths in analytic writing and reading. The review process was a critical part of my development as a multimodal communicatorRead MoreEssay Standard Operating Procedure1502 Words   |  7 Pagesof saved myself this inconvenience. This essay is to reinforce the fact that SOPs serve an important purpose in all departments of the U.S. government as well as private businesses and other agencies around the world. The SOPs in the world have been fine-tuned over an extensive period of time, so that as a next generation takes the place of the retirees they have a guide on what is the uniform code of conduct for that particular business, department or agency. I definitely don’t have this knowledgeRead MoreShould The College Application Process?903 Words   |  4 Pagesinterest in international students receiving a college education in the United States. With help from admission agencies, these students are able to apply to the colleges of their dreams in America. The role of admission agencies is to assist applicants in navigating through the college application process in foreign countries. Students applying to colleges internationally pay these agencies a hefty price and many offer guaranteed admission into their school of choice. While its original purpose wasRead MoreManaging Quality in Partnership Working with Service Users Essay1205 Words   |  5 Pagessocial care services Partnership: empowerment; independence; autonomy; power; informed choice; staff and organisation groups eg statutory, voluntary, private, independent, charitable; service users Quality: audit; quality control; role of agencies eg Care Quality Commission, NICE; role of staff and users; quality perspectives eg Servqual-Zeithaml, Parasuraman and Berry; technical quality; functional quality http://areas.kenan-flagler.unc.edu/Marketing/FacultyStaff/zeithaml/Selected%20Read MoreA Scientific Discussion About Diet And Exercise For Health And Weight Loss881 Words   |  4 PagesZimmerman Agency, I would like to introduce myself, I am James Clark. I came across your contact information through your website as an agent that might be able to assist me with getting a completed manuscript published. The working title of this book is A scientific discussion about diet and exercise for health and weight loss. What we know†¦ what we think we know†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This manuscript was previously examined by Pegasus Publishing, unfortunately, it did not move forward following a full review of theRead MoreHcs 405 Simulation Review Essay1282 Words   |  6 PagesSimulation Review Essay Macy Skalski HCS/405 Health Care Financial Accounting University of Phoenix- AXIA Instructor Sherida Douglass November 19, 2012 Simulation Review Essay The Elijah Heart Center is facing the financial distress common in specialized health care organizations. This is the combination of the need for improved technology, a reduced income, and the demand for expansion. Without the needed technology and expansion, there is little that the hospital can do to improve theRead MoreNational Resource Council993 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Essay: Chevron USA v. National Resources Defense Council Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council was a case in which the United Supreme Court set forth the legal test for determining whether to grant deference to a government agency’s interpretation of a statute which it administers. Chevron is the Court’s clearest articulation of the doctrine of â€Å"administrative deference†. The Court itself has used the phrase â€Å"Chevron deference† in more recent cases. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977Read MoreEssay On Financial Manager1360 Words   |  6 Pagesregulations for them to follow. These Laws and regulations for this job are going to be stated throughout this essay with when they were published and what they mean. The first act is the Federal Managers Financial Integrity Act, which was published on 2004 and protects financial managers, requires that the person in charge of the agency provides a statement of assurance on if the agency has met their requirement. It also requires businesses to control management and systems that give assurance andRead MorePrimary Sources Of American Law1207 Words   |  5 Pageswill benefit those who elected them to public office. Regulations created by administrative agencies is another source of American law. Examples of administrative agencies are the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). These agencies can mak e rules and regulations that are enforceable by law (Administrative agencies, 2014). Finally, the last source of American law is case law derived from previous court decisionsRead MoreThe Federal Government Hiring Process810 Words   |  4 PagesThe memorandum created to address and alter the federal government hiring process. The intentions of the memorandum were to generate brainstorming, support, collaboration and an effective plan through OPM, OMB and the agency management team. The goal to improve the recruiting and hiring process could ensure high-quality candidates. The federal government recruits and hire highly qualified employees to support and provide services to the public. Nevertheless, the federal hiring process discourages

Lee Harvey Oswald’s Motives for killing President John F....

There have been many papers, books, and articles written on Lee Harvey Oswald’s motives for killing President John F. Kennedy. No one knows for sure exactly what motivated him in this horrendous act, but there has been some speculation that a fatherless upbringing or his mental health led the way in making him the most famous assassin of the twentieth century. Lee Harvey Oswald had a rough childhood. He grew up without a father figure in his life so he was lacking direction from the most important source (Biography: Lee Harvey Oswald ). His father died two months before Oswald was born, leaving his mother with three small children. As a result, â€Å"his mother would frequently neglect and leave Lee with various babysitters† (Diamond). These†¦show more content†¦Oswald could be very violent at times and at one point â€Å"Oswald had spoken about shooting an American President† (Oswald’s Motive). His friend that he had talked to about this said tha t he didn’t say it jokingly. He was a very violent person and the Russian à ©migrà © community from Dallas reported that â€Å"There is also clear evidence that Oswald...had a history of wife battering† (Oswald’s Motive). During one fight, he actually tried to kill his wife by strangling her. What he was trying to achieve through his violence was a warped form of control. While Oswald was a violent person, there are also signs that he was also emotionally and mentally unstable, and even his wife was scared for his mental state (Oswald’s Motive). Dr. Steven Diamond says that Oswald most likely could have been suffering from psychopathic narcissism† (which is the constant need to be admired) and that would have caused him to do â€Å"what most of the young men who commit such very public crimes seek: facile infamy† (Diamond). This most likely was caused by his overwhelming feeling of rejection from his parents and caretakers. Most likely all he wanted was for someone to notice him and to gain â€Å"immortality† (Diamond). Another theory that is put forward is that Lee Harvey Oswald was merely a patsy in some bigger conspiracy. Most conspiracy theories follow along the lines that Oswald didn’t commit the horrible crime, and someone else did. When the authorities caught Oswald, he was going into aShow MoreRelatedA Brief Look at John F. Kennedy835 Words   |  4 Pagesquote spoken by a U.S President whose term of office was cut short by a belligerent man. John F. Kennedy or JFK would grow to become one of the United States’s smartest and youngest Presidents in history. Unfortunately for JFK his life and term as President was cut short after being assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. Although JFK did not serve a full term as President he affected our nation in many positive ways and was on the best presidents we ever had. John Fitzgerald Kennedy also known as â€Å"JFK†Read MoreThe Assassination Of President John F. Kennedy1376 Words   |  6 PagesLee Harvey Oswald and the assassination of President John F. Kennedy November 22, 1963 (Jennings), a day that changed American history, and a day that’s events still haunt the nation of freedom and liberty. Whether it be Jacqueline Kennedy’s pained cries or the hoodless limousine, a piece of this day in history lies in every American’s mind. The assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States of America (Bugliosi 11), to this day has several conspiraciesRead MoreLee Harvey And The Assassination Of Jfk2462 Words   |  10 PagesLee Harvey Oswald and The Assassination of JFK On November 22, 1963 United States President John F. Kennedy was shot and killed in Dallas Texas. In September 1964 the Warren Commission, appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson, presented an official report documenting the details of the assassination. This report concluded that Kennedy was killed by a man named Lee Harvey Oswald, and that Oswald acted alone. Ever since then there has been speculation concerning the validity of the Warren CommissionRead MoreWho Is to Blame for JFKs Assassination?748 Words   |  3 PagesWho is to blame? John F. Kennedy, the youngest elected and first catholic president was campaigning for a second term when he was assassinated in Dallas on November 22, 1963. The accused shooter Lee Harvey Oswald, was first arrested for killing a police officer at point blank. It was shortly after the shooting when he was arrested with a gun in his possession at a nearby movie theater. He was then later accused of killing President Kennedy. The evidence presents that there could be alternativesRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy s Assassination1739 Words   |  7 Pages John F Kennedy grew up in a wealthy and very political family. His assassination was a shock to many. It was a time of Cold War and the peak of US involvement in Vietnam. It is important to understand the John F. Kennedy regime including both its national and foreign policy. You also need to look into his personal life. This would help to create motives, and find the primary aspect to consider when looking into any homicide, assassination or m urder. He was the first president who was a Boy ScoutRead MoreDefining Moment Of The Twentieth Century : The Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1829 Words   |  8 PagesA defining moment of the twentieth century: the assassination of John F. Kennedy.   On November 22nd, 1963, the president of the United States of America was travelling in a motorcade down the streets of Dallas, Texas, when three loud shots rang out through the air (Summary).   In an instant, President Kennedy had been brutally shot and killed, startling people worldwide.   At the time, such a gruesome attack was unheard of-- after all, who would want to harm the man who gave the country hope? (ABC)Read MoreEssay on The Assassination of John F. Kennedy4698 Words   |  19 PagesThe Assassination of John F. Kennedy On a clear sunny day in Dallas Texas, November 22, 1963 to be exact, at about 12:30pm, the Presidents car rounded the curve in front of the Texas School Book Depository building and proceeded on to Main Street throughout Dally plaza. Shots rang out and the President was rushed to the nearby hospital and was declared dead at 1pm. The Vice President took the oath of office and flew back to Washington with the slain leader. The accused assassin was arrestedRead MoreJFK Assasination Conspiracy Theories Essay3168 Words   |  13 Pagesthe day of the depletion of the American peoples trust in their government. It also marks the beginning of one of the biggest conspiracies still being investigated by conspiracy theorists. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, our 35th, youngest elected president, was killed that day. Many say Lee Harvey Oswald was the shooter but I think Oswald never even pulled the trigger. Oswald was just an easy mark to pin the crime on, he was set up, most likely by the CIA who he was speculated to beRead MoreThe Many Theories of the JFK Assassination Essay example3041 Words   |  13 PagesThe Many Theories of the JFK Assassination Introduction There are many theories that have been introduced to people surrounding the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. The assassination of the 35th President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, occurred on November 22, 1963. Kennedy was fatally shot while riding in the presidential limousine through the streets of Dallas, Texas. The projectile that struck his head shattered the right side of his skull. During an interviewRead MoreEssay on The J.F.K. Conspiracy941 Words   |  4 PagesThe J.F.K. Conspiracy Time after time again we are told in our schools, our homes, and by our media that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the assassination of former President John F. Kennedy. How can this conclusion by made about a case that was never completely solved? If we as Americans accept the government given truth, such as in this case, without questioning how they came to their conclusion, then what would stop the government from altering other truths given

Sickle Of Sickle Cell Disease - 706 Words

Sickle Cell Disease Sickle Cell Disease or also widely known as Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic mutation caused in red blood cells destroys its own cells within and reshaping the cell wall resembling crescent or sickle shape; getting its name of the sickle cell disease. These sickled shaped cells attempt to perform its normal function of circulating oxygenated and deoxygenated RBC and gets lodged in small vessels causing vaso-occlusion. Where vaso-occlusive take effect, rest of the body is not receiving oxygen becoming oxygen deprived results in acute and chronic pain and organ damage (Valerie Mann-Jiles, 2015). This disease a lifelong condition affecting not just the person carrying the disease but the whole family. Treating this disease†¦show more content†¦Resulting in lack of blood flow to the region most commonly in the peripherals and organs causing pain in hands, feet, joints, fever and in severe forms develops in bones (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, Cheever, 2010). Sickle cell anemia is the most severe form of SCD, lesser forms include sickle cell hemoglobin C disease, sickle cell hemoglobin D disease, and sickle cell beta-thalassemia. (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, Cheever, 2010). . The term sickle cell trait is referred to people who are carriers of certain strand of abnormal gene, and it is a type of benign state of sickle cell hemoglobin C (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, Cheever, 2010). Though, if two people with the same traits may have child, the child will have a 1 in 4th chance of receiving two abnormal genes will develop sickle cell anemia (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, Cheever, 2010). Clinical Manifestation References References Doenges, M. E., Moorhoouse, M., Murr, A. C. (2012). Nurse s Pocket Guide. Philadelphia: F.A Davis Company. J. Kelly Graves, C. H. (2016). Depression, Anxiety, and Quality of Life In Children and Adolescents With Sickle Cell Disease. Continuing Nursing Education. Joyce Kelly Graves, P. R. (2014). Pain, Coping, and Sleep in Children and Adolescents With Sickle Cell Disease. Journal of Child Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. Khaled Hadeed, M. S.-P. (2015). Endothelial Function and VascularShow MoreRelatedSickle And The Sickle Cell Disease1369 Words   |  6 PagesThe sickle cell disease affects about 100,000 people in the America. The most common ethnic group the sickle cell anemia is seen in is African Americans and Hispanics. Approximately one in every ten African American and one in every one hundred Hispanic Americans have the sickle cell trait. Approximately two million people have the sickle cell trait in America. Approximately one in five- hundred African Americans and one in one thousand to one thousand and four hundred Hispanic-Americans have sickleRead MoreSickle Of Sickle Cell Disease2167 Words   |  9 PagesSickle cell disease is an ailment that specifically targets red blood cells, causing them to sickle into a cone shape and hinders the transfer of oxygen to other parts of the body. Lack of oxygen can damage tissues and cause major problems for the person affected. As a black male, I a m very familiar with sickle cell disease. I have family members with the disease, such as my uncle who was very susceptible to illness as a child due to the disease. I remember him telling me how his body would acheRead MoreThe Sickle Of Sickle Cell Disease852 Words   |  4 PagesSickle cell disease was discovered in 1910 in the United States. Many cases came to surface after that, and it was clear that sickle cell disease is predominantly common in the African American ethnicity. Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin of red blood cells. The most common, known sickle cell disease is sickle cell anemia. There is no cure for Sickle cell disease, but there was a treatment that help relieve pain, prevent infections, and prevent organ damage. A drug calledRead MoreThe Sickle Of Sickle Cell Disease1381 Words   |  6 PagesSickle cell disease is a group of inherited blood disorders that affects the red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin. This disease is v ery interesting because it actually is said to have protective advantages against malaria in the traits heterozygous form. Some scientists, along with students at Kenyon college, claim that the sickle cell trait has evolved or has been naturally selected because it provides vital protection from malaria (Camperchioli). This is mainly backed by the fact thatRead MoreSickle Cell Disease1368 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: Sickle cell disease is a severe genetic disorder which generates deformed red blood cells (RBCs). These altered red blood cells can obstruct the blood vessels causing vaso-occlusion complications. The current management of sickle cell disease is symptomatic, with the lack of any specific treatment for vaso-occlusion. Some of the recent studies have suggested the role of pro-inflammatory activity of aged neutrophils and induction of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. In additionRead MoreSickle Cell Is A Disease924 Words   |  4 PagesSickle Cell is a disease that you hear about, but not as often as you should. It is an inherited disease, â€Å"the name derives from the red cells in the blood of sufferers and they take on the shape on a sickle (crescent shape).† Another name for sickle cell is sickle cell anemia, because in some cases people become anemic. With this disease comes low levels of hemoglobin, which is the red substance in your blood that contains iron and carries oxygen. Due to the irregular shaped cells this can causeRead MoreSickle Cell Anemia And The Disease1149 Words   |  5 PagesSickle Cell Anemia LaToya R Walker American Public University Systems Abstract This paper will discuss Sickle Cell Anemia. It will describe what the disease is as well as how its contracted. The paper will go on to on to discuss the symtoms risk and statistics of sickle cell aniema. The paper will end with discussing treatment for the disease. Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia or Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a passed down blood disorder that attacks and destroys the red blood cells. This DiseaseRead More Sickle Cell Disease Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesSickle Cell Disease Sickle Cell Disease is an illness that affects people all across the globe. This paper will give a description of the sickness through the discussion of the causes, symptoms, and possible cures. Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders.(1) These disorders can have various afflictions, such as pain, damage and a low blood count--Sickle Cell Anemia. The overall incidence of SCD is eight out of 100,000 people. However, it isRead MoreSickle Cell Disease And Cancer848 Words   |  4 PagesSickle Cell Disease and Thalassemias Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) and Thalassemias are similar blood disorders with some important differences. Sickle Cell Disease is a disorder where the red blood cells are sickle-shaped, which causes them to stick to vessel walls preventing much needed oxygen from traveling through the body. Thalassemias has normal looking red blood cells, but the body does not make enough healthy cells or hemoglobin. This means there is a lack of oxygen because the body does notRead MoreThe Death Of Sickle Cell Disease1755 Words   |  8 Pagesjob for over eight years that has recently discovered he has sickle cell anemia, should be dismissed from his job regarding his genetic test results. Sickle cell anaemia is the most severe form of sickle cell disease and is a genetic disease of the red blood cells (Gibbons, 2015). Red blood cells have a disk like form which allows them the ability to travel through blood vessels. Although in people with sickle cell, the red blood cells form an abnormal crescent shape which makes them rigid and sticky

My values Free Essays

It has been reiterated from our class discussions that values are the things that really matter to us. (Lopper, 2006) And, as we further discussed this subject, we have discovered that it really has a big influence on our wants and needs. Our values guide us to make decision and even how to run our everyday lives. We will write a custom essay sample on My values or any similar topic only for you Order Now In assessing our wants and needs, we are unconsciously contributing betterment or demise to the world. So, it is important to channel in to our inner selves to know what really want and need so that in the end, we will find the things that we most cherish and cultivate it to add some goodness in the world. Our values can either be our belief, our principles and sometimes, even our family. Even voicing out your opinion is considered a value. Now, as I sit and write the values that I treasure most, I found out that aside from my family, I also deeply care about the environment and love. As clichà © as it may sound, we should take care of our environment because after all, we are all going to benefit from it and our future children as well. With the onset of technology and our desire to acquire what is the latest, it is heartbreaking to know that a lot of trees, tribes, etc. must be sacrificed just to have out wants. But, to compensate for our advancing technology, it is also glad to know that we are now beginning to take into considerations the environment—this can be best epitomized by the commercialization of the hybrid cars and the abundance of solar-generating houses in some parts of the world. Still, there are â€Å"quite† parts of the world wherein we continue to manipulate their resources so that we can have our personal satisfaction and gains. Now, from what I have learned from our discussions, all I can say is that, we should all make an effort, no matter how small it is, to make this world a little cleaner. For my part, I have started doing so through my small ways like throwing my trash in the trashcan (or if ever there is no trashcan, I make sure that I keep it in my pocket and dispose it in our house) and religiously segregating the biodegradables from the non-biodegradables. Also, I started to make a compost pit at our house so that I can grow organic vegetables in the future. Lastly, I tell smokers to quit the habit because it only adds up to air pollution. As for the other value that I treasure most, it is so overrated but if we analyze it thoroughly, it is surprising to know that we can only achieve the things that we want in this world (i.e. peace, justice, unity, etc.) if we love ourselves enough. I believe that if we love ourselves enough, it is the only time that we can share that love and consequently, build respect for others. And with respect, there comes understanding and then justice and peace. It is a very extraordinary concept but it just all boil into that. I also have to emphasize that this love that I deeply value is not filial in nature but for the greater good. And, as a first step in achieving this idealistic want (or need), I must admit that I do not have enough love with me to share with others but I am starting to gather love by knowing myself more and talking to my inner self more often and appreciating the value of everything that I see and treasure. The two values that I treasure most seem conventional but the way I see it, there is nothing too conventional if we want to have a better world. As said in our discussions, we should know our wants and needs because it leads to some make-or-brake decisions in our lives and in the course of the world as well. We all want and definitely need a better world and we can achieve this through the values that are instilled in us or our beliefs and principles that we genuinely cherish. After all, all our values should be for the improvement of ourselves and for others. And I believe that for us to have a better living environment, it must start from ourselves. In conclusion, for us to have a better world and a proper knowledge of ourselves, it is imperative to have a step-by-step procedure to achieve those desires and these can be done even in the most modest ways. And these steps will only begin from us if we only consider our wants and needs and integrate it to our values but we have to keep in mid that these values should be for the benefit of us. REFERENCES: Lopper, J. (2006). What are values? [Electronic Version]. Retrieved September 27, 2007 from http://personaldevelopment.suite101.com/article.cfm/what_are_values_.    How to cite My values, Essay examples

Kiss the Rain Short Story free essay sample

While waiting for my bus home In the pouring rain, I felt the rain suddenly stop. I looked up to see an umbrella covering me. I looked beside me to see a girl, about my age, kind enough to share cover with a soaked stranger. After a few moments, she moved the umbrella closer to me, motioning me to get it as she skipped on the waiting bus. My bus had come seconds after the girls left. I never got a name. I had forgotten about that incident days after only to see the umbrella in my room. Hovering over just to see a small paper attached to the handle, Gang Nun-Mi was written In graceful handwriting.While on my way to the bus stop In the pouring rain, I see a silhouette of a girl, about my age, standing there walling for her bus. I opened the umbrella, stood next to her and looked down on her. Her face as beautiful and as graceful as her name, Gang Nun-Mi. I gave her back her umbrella and hopped on my bus home. I didnt expect another encounter with the beautiful and graceful Nun- Mi but Just the next day, I saw her again. Standing where she always stood. I smiled at her like an old friend and she smiled back showing her perfect smile. Her smile as beautiful and as graceful as her name, Gang Nun-MI.I got on my bus, but to my surprise she got on as well. We easily got to know each other and as each day passes, I got to know more about the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun-Mi. She was perfect to me, I couldnt see any flaw in her. She was beautiful and graceful like her name, Gang Nun-Mi. Years pass and the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun-Mi and I had grown to become the best of friends. No secrets were kept between us. No secret but one. I loved her. I TLD love her Like a best friend or a sister. I loved her Like how Romeo loved his Juliet, Like how Jack loved his Rose. No, I TLD love her, IWAS ONLINE WITH HER. I was In love with the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun- MI ever since I had laid my eyes on her. I couldnt tell her in fear of losing out friendship. One day, I didnt see her. I couldnt call her. She didnt reply to my messages or return my calls. I was worried, maybe something had happened to the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun- Mi. I rushed to her house but I was told she wasnt home. I took the next taxi I saw to her school. My heart was racing so fast. I was afraid that something bad had happened to the Gang Nun-Ml I had loved so much. When I reached her school, the first thing I saw crushed me.It felt like swords had pierced my heart, cut it in a thousand tiny pieces. The beautiful and graceful Gang Nun-Mi was with another man. She was In the arms of another person. She loved someone else. I was not sure how to react. I was not sure what to do. Should I take her away from that man? Should I punch him in the face for stealing someone who wasnt even mine from the start? I knew better than to cause trouble. I had to accept it. I had to cope with the burning feeling In my chest. I have always known that she would never love me that way. She would never love me like how I love her.I am nothing but her best friend. Just a best friend. I had tried to cut any ties with her. I didnt return her calls, I didnt reply to any of her messages; I tried everything to take my mind off her. But I would always find myself drifting to places where we used to go, bringing memories of the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun-W. But of all the places, I tried my always bring painful memories. It would always bring the happy moments we had. The happiest memories would always hurt the most. After months of not being with her, I received a call from her. She wanted to see me at the bus stop, she said it was important.And from the sound of her voice, I could tell that something was wrong. It was pouring heavily, I grabbed an umbrella and rushed to the bus stop as fast as I could. I could not think of anything else but the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun-Mi. When I got there, I saw a silhouette of a girl, about my age, standing there waiting for someone. I opened the umbrella, stood next to her and looked down on her. Her face as beautiful and as graceful as her name, Gang Nun-Mi. As soon as she noticed an umbrella over her head, she turned to me and whispered the words We broke up. .I dropped my umbrella and hugged her like I have never hugged her before. I was lying in bed later that night with guilt in my heart. I was guilty because the Gang Nun- Mi I loved so much broke up with her boyfriend. I was guilty that I was happy about it. But I then realized that she would never be mine, that I was Just a best friend. The next day, everything was perfect. Everything was how it used to be. We did everything like we used to, we rode the bus home like we used to. Everything was in place. It was only the two of us. But Just when everything felt in place, I got a call from her. She wanted to see me, she said it was important.And from the sound of her voice, I could tell that something was wrong. I ran as fast I could. I felt my heart beat faster. By the time I got there, I was out of breath. She told me to sit down next to her. I can read the worried expression on her face. The way she acted told me that something was wrong. I knew Gang Nun-Mi like the palm of my hand. I could read her like an open book. I was getting worried at what she would say. I was getting quite nervous Just looking at her expression. She opened he mouth, words came out. But I could not believe what she was trying to tell me. Her father was transferred to California.They were migrating to the United States. She was going away. Gang Nun-Mi was going to leave me. The Gang Nun-Mi I had loved for so long was going to leave me. I pretended to be happy for her. But I knew that she read the expression on my face. I excused myself, stood up and went home. I couldnt accept the fact that the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun-Mi was going to California. I didnt see her until the day she was going away. I would always remember that day. October 5th, the day Gang Nun- Mi promised me that she would call often, that she would e-mail me everyday and that she would be back soon. That was the last time I saw the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun-Mi. She had kept her promises. She has kept it all but one. She still has not returned. She has been sending me e-mails every single day. But then, it stopped. She didnt reply to my e-mails or return my calls. I was worried, maybe something had happened to the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun- Mi. It has been 3 years since I last heard from the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun-Mi. I what she is doing. And eve been regretting not telling her how I feel. I am a fool for not confessing to her. After years of not being with her, I received a call from her.She wanted to see me at the bus stop, she said it was important. She had kept her promise! She was back! I felt so happy that I felt my heart skip a beat. I was finally going to tell her how I feel. I was finally going to tell her that I was in love with her. I was in love with the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun- Mi ever since I had laid my eyes on her. When I got to the bus stop, I was greeted by a silhouette of a woman my age, standing where my best friend always stood. I smiled at her like an old friend and she smiled back showing her perfect smile. Her smile as beautiful and as graceful as her name, GangNun-Mi. She invited me to sit and have a cup of coffee. She told me everything, from her exciting trips to her heartbreaks. She wasnt a girl anymore, she was a woman. She told me that she is not the Gang Nun-Mi I used to know, she is now Jennifer Gang. But she is still the beautiful and graceful Gang Nun-Mi I still love so much. I was about to confess my love for her but she said she had another thing to say. I was excited to hear what it was. Maybe she wont be going back to California. Maybe she was going to stay here and be with me. She inhaled deeply and extended to show a large diamond ring on her finger.My heart sank. She was engaged. She is to be wed to another man! It was then I realized that Gang Nun-Mi has returned to get married here. Then and there, a man appeared and sat down next to my Gang Nun-Mi. The beautiful and graceful Gang Nun-Mi was engaged to another man. She was in the arms of another person. She loved someone else. I was not sure how to react. I was not sure what to do. Should I take her away from that man? Should I punch him in the face for stealing someone who wasnt even mine from the start? The painful memories of the first time I lost her to someone else flooded my mind.I was in shock. If only I had told her how I felt in time, would this happen? Everything felt like it was in the movies, everything felt like it was in slow motion. But I got dragged back to reality when I heard the words best friend. She wanted me to be at her wedding! I pretended to be happy for her. The day of the wedding came and everyone was happy. Everyone but me. I saw her walk down the aisle, she was beautiful and graceful like her name. It was the prettiest I have seen her. How I wished that it was I who was waiting for her at the altar. The way she looked at him crushed me.It felt like swords had pierced my heart when I heard them exchange their vows. My heart was cut it in a thousand tiny pieces when I saw them kiss. They were to have their honeymoon in Hawaii the next day. Nun-Mi asked me to accompany them to the airport. How I wish I declined. May 12th, I saw her for the last time. I gave her the tightest hug I could give her. I didnt want to let go. I wanted it to be Just like how it used to be, Just the two of us. I have been in love with the same woman for 60 years. I Just wish she knew. I have never married. I am going to wait for your return, no matter how long it will aka.I will wait at the bus stop for you, no matter how hard the rain pours. The rain will Just remind me of you. And even the slightest memory of you makes my heart jump with Joy. But I always knew that you would never love me that way. You would never love me like how I love you. I am nothing but your best friend. Like how Jack never got Rose in the end, like Romeo who never got his Juliet. I will never get my Gang Nun-Mi, the woman who is as beautiful and as graceful as her name. Every time it rains, I think of no one or nothing else but you. The rain reminds me of how we first met.

Classification of nigerian architecture Essay Example For Students

Classification of nigerian architecture Essay It portrays the Historical Style (represented by he European, Brazilian and North African Trends) through Traditional Architecture and the Modern Style (with the International Style, the New West African Style and the PostModern Trend). There is a very weak link between the Historical Style (including Traditional Architecture), and contemporary modern architecture of Nigeria. The Historical Style reveals how architects can draw inspiration from historical heritage as evidenced by the Regional Trend of contemporary Nigerian architecture. The author studied the work, ideas and aspirations of some leading architects in the country in order to see owe the trends and styles of this genealogy relate logically to the contemporary situation. The presentation of contemporary masterpieces gives a general overview of the recent situation and identifies the basic problems that the designers are facing. Keywords: Style: Distinctive or characteristic expression of architectural ideas, as of a specified period in history. Trend: To have a tendency or prevailing direction: general tendency. The period embraced by this presentation spans a few centuries starting from pre-colonial times and ending with recent developments. The genealogy s portrayed by a model of evolution in Nigerian architecture (Fig. 1). The inspirations were drawn from such architectural critics as Keno Tangent, Louis Khan, Dad Louis Hustle, Nikolas Vesper and Charles Senses to mention a few. This paper often relies on some recognized movements newly defined. UT some trends are A basic distinction in Nigerian architecture can be made between the North and the South, and this is best pronounced by Traditional Architecture and Traditional Style. The strongest influences on indigenous architecture were the introduction of Islam into Northern Nigeria, the return of the slaves from the Americas (especially Brazil), and colonization. The Historical Style consists of the European Trend followed by the Colonial Style. The Brazilian Trend evolved into the Brazilian Style while the North African Trend evolved into Sudanese Architecture. The blend of Traditional Architecture and Historical Styles formed Vernacular Architecture. Before considering the historical influences, a mention should be made of antiquity. The Nook civilization developed in the central part of Nigeria present territory between 500 BC and 200 BC. Possessing the knowledge of iron, these grassland people moved into the forest country (Clarke 1984) and that was when people Set up new homes at Fife and other places. The Hausa were then a number of different people. Although knowledge of the achievements of the Nook civilization is wide it is difficult to imagine the form of their settlements. On the contrary knowledge of the architecture of the Middle Ages is rather extensive. Outline1 3. 1 Traditional Architecture and Traditional Style2 3. 2 The European Trend and the Development of the Colonial Style3 3. 3 Brazilian Style4 3. 4 The North African Trend and the Development of Sudanese Architecture5 3. 5 Vernacular Architecture6 4. 0 Modern Style7 4. 1 International Style8 4. 2 Pure Modern9 4. 3 High-Troop10 4. 4 Low-troop 3. 1 Traditional Architecture and Traditional Style The more stable and enduring towns of pre-colonial Africa developed because of the intense ritual of market activity. Oliver (1976) called these cities pre-industrial cities, which were theatres of competition for the symbols of power and material well being. Initially, some towns emerged as collecting points for wandering immigrants who used their favorable locations as spiritual or cultural bases for subsequent territorial expansion. For the Hausa and Your, Durra and Fife respectively became spiritual springboards for the establishment of extensive empires. In a city like Kane, group masons and other specialized trades could be found in the past, basic elements off real building industry. From the 1 5th century, the mosque was one of the cost prominent buildings in Hausa towns. The basic house walls were often dad of mud. In the Your zone of Nigeria the chief Ads (Boobs) palace and the market place dominated the central areas of well-planned cities like Ill-elf (1 lath century), Leash and Kite. The populace lived in compounds each of which had a large house set in a square-shaped space bounded by a high wall. Some were more than a half-acre in size and provided living space for a large family and kinsmen. There was only a single entrance. Inside, the compounds were divided into numerous rooms. Until the early twentieth century, most of the compounds as well as the Boobs palace were roofed with thatch. The conclusion can then be drawn that in the Traditional Style the roofs of the houses were constructed to thatch, but quite early in the development to Northern Nigerian towns the thatched roof was replaced by the flat or dome-shaped mud roof (Fig. 2). The climate, human physiology and geography led to the development of curvilinear, conical and mud-roofed structures in the North and the rectilinear thatch-roof mud houses of the South (Daytona 1986, p. 5). Manner to the expansion of world trade. According to Payne (1977), Oh cash economy had developed and was well able to exploit the benefits of international trade for internal development. Three factors combined to make a radical transformation of the Nigerian scene in the 19th century the Muslim Jihads and Your civil wars, European exploration and missionary efforts, and a revolution in trade. The influence of Britain started mainly through the trade of slaves in the 18th century, which was however brought to an end in the middle of the 19th century. On Hacienda Luisita EssayThis style is well represented by the architecture created by architects of the older generation who ere trained abroad in modern ideas. This architecture is best portrayed by the term Pure Modern. The International Style is also represented in Nigeria by high rise buildings portrayed by the term High-Troop and by housing for the low income group referred to as Low-Troop architecture. More than one third of modern buildings in Nigeria urban centers belong to the International Style. The 51 buildings are designed here along with modern ideas with the use of clean forms like cubes, cuboids or compositions of simple geometrical solids. They explore the ideas of simplicity and functionality. 4. 2 Pure Modern Some of the young architects (foreigners) who were behind the first modern buildings came to Nigeria as to an unknown exotic country. All Nigerian practicing then were also educated abroad. They came with all the hopes and dreams the new generation had about modern architecture. Perfection was attained by Arc. Alumina in his Management House on Audio Taylor Street at Victoria Island in Lagos. It is only through working and reworking that the idea of a brain was embodied in architectural form. The design for the Faculty of Education in Abidjan by Deli Engage and Partners completed in 1976 UT unfortunately only partly built, is very simple. It pronounces the architecture of modern pioneers. Excellence was attained by James Cubit in the Senate Building at ANNUAL and Mobil Building- both in Lagos. National Oil Chemical Marketing Company Building (Eagle House) in Lagos and Broking House in Abidjan by Design Group Nigeria are valued here particularly for the first level which refer to human scale. Only on rare occasions one is able to perceive a whole the building is usually seen in pieces trot the perspective to a pedestrian. Buildings like the Attlee block on Abraham Await Road in Kane by Fem. Macedonia Associates having a perfect location constitute a strong accent with its polygonal shape on plan and its transparency contrasting with more solid concrete surfaces. Fem. Macedonia Associates are also the authors of BRI Building in APIPA, Lagos where they made use of reflecting surfaces to create an abstract image of piercing solids. In ANAL Towers at Marina in Lagos the bright white wall surfaces contrast sharply with elegant dark strips and wide window bands. This same idea is used by Multi-systems in the proposal for Nigerian Agricultural and Cooperative Bank at Baja. In conclusion it can be said that this presentation concerns very elegant but extremely expensive structures. There are numerous good examples because according to Perusal-gunshot (1993, p. 217) 36% of buildings in Nigeria were designed in the International Style and very many of them belong to the Pure Modern Trend. 4. 3 High-Troop A proud architecture High-troop architecture is an architecture of glass boxes. The buildings in that trend are extra modern and use high technologies, reflective glass and central air conditioning. To this group belong mainly banks and offices especially in Lagos. This roof will normally embrace buildings from five floors and above. The risk for people in such buildings starts beyond the reach of turntable ladders because the Nigerian fire fighting capacity is entirely ground based. The High-Troop trend does not necessarily follow Amnesia formulas for tall buildings. The buildings which explore different meanings are: IAMB Building, Victoria Island, Lagos (1985), by Incase Architects (Fig. 4), and First Bank Headquarters in Lagos (1982/83) by Ronald Ward Associates. The forms of the buildings are in contradiction to what the bureaucratic movement with pure forms ND curtain walls of skyscrapers in America represent. 2 Figure 4: High Troop. IAMB Building, Victoria Island, Lagos by Incase Architects. Source: Photograph by Arc. O. A. Dromedary. 4. 4 Low-troop The architecture of the masses Low-troop Architecture represents architecture to the masses, architecture of draughtsman, and low income estates reminiscent of monotonous housing estates in Eastern Europe. Here apart from lack of good aesthetics, the standard of living is very low. Common are Face me I face you apartments, bungalows or two-storey houses. When constructing, local materials and local labor re used. (Zoom, 1997). This architecture can be easily observed in cities and suburban areas and it shapes the landscape of Nigerian Architecture. This is probably the most challenging area for architects, to find ways and means to influence this architecture to make it more human but not more expensive. Here the call of Buena Associates for innovations is somehow answered by Triad Architects who designed screen wall elements (blocks), which allow for privacy and air penetration. They applied the blocks in the Political Party Offices all over Nigeria and even started its local production in Sudan. In James Cubit Architects buildings although air conditioning is assumed, and they use tinted or reflective glass usually there is a provision for cross ventilation as in Mobil Building in Lagos (1991) with its atrium. Cross ventilation is particularly valued in buildings by Deli Engage and Partners and by Niger Consultants. Climate plays a very dominant role in Alumina and Associates architecture. Alumina recognized the importance of vegetation and believed in incorporating water into design (Management House, Architecture House and Eke Meridian Hotel in Lagos).

Capital Structure Theory Essay Essay Example

Capital Structure Theory Essay Paper When a firms debt-to- equity ratio maximizes its value and minimizes the firms weighted average cost of UAPITA (WAC), it is said to be at the target or optimal capital structure. Debt usually offers a lower cost of capital because of the ability to deduct tax from Interest, but the companys risk Increases as debt Increases. Part b. (Business Risk) Business risk refers to the risk brought upon the firm by its operations. This can be influenced by many factors such as, cost of production, sales volume, unit price, competition, demand, government regulations, etc. A company with higher business risk should operate with a capital structure that has a lower debt ration to safeguard TTS shareholders by guaranteeing that it can meet all of its financial obligations. A high business risk means a low debt ratio while a low business risk means that a firm might be able to operate with a high debt ratio. Part c. (Operation Leverage) A firm that makes few sales with sales providing a high gross margin is said to have high operation leverage. Operating leverage is dependent on a firms fixed and variable costs. If a firm has a high proportion of fixed costs it has high operation leverage as opposed to a firm with low fixed costs and high variable casts which are unconsidered to have a low operation leverage. A high-end car dealership has high operating leverage while a grocery store has low operating leverage. In a high operating leverage firm or Industry, forecasting Is Incredibly Important. A small error in forecasting could greatly damage the firms BIT. The opposite can be said for a firm with a low operating leverage. We will write a custom essay sample on Capital Structure Theory Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Capital Structure Theory Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Capital Structure Theory Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A small error in forecasting is accepted and expected. The error will have little effect on the firms BIT. A Company with high operation leverage should finance its operations with a low amount of debt to insure, n the case of a misconception, to protect Its Investors. Business risk and operation leverage often go hand In hand and are used to calculate the firms total risk on ROE. Part d. (Trade-Off Theory) The trade-off theory states that there are benefits to debt within a capital structure up until the optimal, or target, capital structure. The theory takes into effect the tax shield created by interest payments. Interest payments on debt are tax deductible creating a tax benefit for debt financing. A firm reaches optimal capital structure when the marginal tax shield equals the marginal bankruptcy costs. Bankruptcy costs are ten Increased costs AT Talking Witt EOT Instead AT Witt equally which result in a higher probability of bankruptcy. Thus, there is a point where the marginal tax benefits equal the cost of financing with more debt. At this point, we see the firms optimal capital structure. Part e. Asymmetric Information and Signaling) Asymmetric information refers to the realization that managers have more and better information that outside investors do. Signaling is based upon a firms actions and how it is preserved by its investors. Optimist asymmetric information could lead oh firm suddenly taking on more debt or increasing their dividend policy. This would signal that the company is about to experience growth or is at a mature and stable state. Pessimist asymmetric information could lead a firm to issue more stock because they recognize an upcoming loss. By issuing more stock, the loss could be spread over a larger number of stockholders resulting in a smaller loss per share. Investors know this however and are wary when a firm issues more stock. Because of signaling, when a firm tries to adjust their capital structure their investors behave in way directed by the signal given, whether that signal is accurate or not. Part f. (WAC) WAC or weighted average cost of capital is the firms cost of capital with each category of capital weighted proportionately. The more debt that company uses, the higher the WAC. The higher the WAC, the higher the companys risk. When using debt, the WAC begins to fall, but eventually, the costs of debt and equity will cause WAC to increase which will in turn cause the value of the company to drop. This brings us back to the optimal or target capital structure, where the debt to equity Asia maximizes the firms value. Part g. (Reserve Borrowing Capacity) Firms should however, use a lower debt to equity ratio than optimal capital structure suggests. The reason being, that an opportunity may arise where more funds are needed. As previously discussed, the issue of more stock sends a negative signal whether the signal is accurate or not, but to issue more debt past the optimal capital structure ratio would decrease the firms value which would also send a negative signal. Therefore, a firm should have a reserve borrowing capacity in the case of such an opportunity. Part h. (Windows of Opportunity) A window of opportunity is a time period where a normally unreachable opening exists. An example is todays interest rates. The windows of opportunity theory suggest that because interest rates are so abnormally low, now is a good time for businesses to issue debt. On the contrary, when stock market prices are exceptionally high, firms should issue more equity. Part I. (Personal Application) It is of the utmost importance that managers know and understand their firms risk and how it breaks down into operation leverage and business risk. This might be eased solely off their particular firm or off their industry as a whole. Managers should also consider the benefit of deducting interest on debt to use as a tax shield. Managers should take the asymmetric information theory and signaling into consideration. They should be aware of what certain actions signal and how they can avoid sending the wrong signal and use signaling to their advantage. The WAC should also be considered when determining the corporations debt to equity ratio. They should know that at a certain point, WAC will begin to increase as at this point ten Tall Is Klan on too much EOT IT a corporation wants to take advantage AT an opportunity but does not have the funds necessary, they should issue more debt to take benefit. For this reason managers should have a reserve borrowing capacity and have a lower initial debt to equity ratio than the optimal capital structure suggests. Managers should also be watchful and aware of windows of opportunities in which they can maximize the corporations growth. As one can see, there are many aspects one needs to consider when determining a firms capital structure and this essay only slightly begins to scratch the surface of capital structure theory.

Analysing the application of commercial law towards Ship Operations The WritePass Journal

Analysing the application of commercial law towards Ship Operations Introduction Analysing the application of commercial law towards Ship Operations IntroductionReferences:Related Introduction This assignment refers to a case sceanario in terms of Analysing the application of commercial law towards ship operations and the role of Master in its application wherein as a Master of a General cargo ship of 30,000T on a voyage charter sailing from U.K port after loading high grade steel pipes bound for Korea.   Master was forced to sign a Clean Bill of Lading instead of claused entry, inspite of identified   some steel rusty on visual inspection (that too in hasty n hurried situation) for which no shipper surveyor was appointed to have recorded witness (perhaps deliberately),   rather a Letter of Indemnity was issued by the shipper/seller.   Own vessel sailed with an inoperational Radar with the owners knowledge but not to the Classification society and the Insurer. In the ocean passage own vessel colledes with another Container ship which also infact had been in a situation of short of 2nd Mate who was airlifted a day before for medical emergency due to unexpected injur y onboard. Both vessel had suffered damage with own vessel in severe damage whereas   the Container ship minor hull damage but had to jettison some of the container to save the ship apart from some were lost due to incident. Own vessel was towed to ports of refuge for emergency repair with own ship under Lloyds Open Form and the Other ship under daily hire agreement. Since own ships sails from the UK portThe Hague Rules amended by Protocol in Brussels in 1968 called Hague-Visby Rules enacted by U.K in the form of Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, (COGSA 71 Act) amended n brought in force in 1977 shall apply. The act applies to : Any contract for the carriage of goods by sea in ships from a U.K port requiring issue of a bill of lading or similar document of title   If contract in or evidenced by it expressly provides that the amended Hague Rules shall govern the contract. The Article III mentions under the contract of carriage of goods by sea, that the carrier is subject to responsibilities and liabilities and entitled to the rights and immunities contained In analysing the case considering the Contractual obligations and mitigate any losses might be incurred by the ship owner, the following are the points to consider for any Master to safeguard his owner’s are: 1)   Article III bounds the carrier to exercise â€Å"due digilence† to make the ship seaworthy before and at the beginning of the voyage, properly man, equip and supply the ship, make cargo spaces fit and safe to receive and carriage and preservation until delivery. 2)   Ã‚  After receiving the goods the master or his agent is to issue the shipper with a bill of lading. A B/L must give an accurate description of the goods and must be endorsed to show the true condition. The bill of lading is a prima facie evidence of the receipt by the carrier of the goods mentioned on it.   A letter of Indemnity is not legally binding and cannot be sued upon. A Master should not sign any bill if it is misleading as to quantity of condition.   Without specific instructions from owner, the Master should refuse the letter of Indemnity, make out his own bills duly signed and present to the shipper. If shipper objects or refuses to accept then the Master should lodge the bill with British Consul and note protest accordingly. 3)   Ã‚  Article IV also directs that Neither the carrier nor the ship is liable for the loss or damage resulting from unseawothiness, unless caused by want of due diligence. The burden of proof as defence towards exercised due diligence shall remains with the carrier. Also neither the carrier nor the ship is responsible for any loss or damage caused due to the Act, neglect of default of the master, pilot or carrier’s servants in the navigation of the ship. Considering the the both articles of COGSA / Hague visby Rules Act here Master has not prevented the Owners efficiently from the losses which normally exempts from any liabilities arising later due to the reasons beyond his control. 4)   Ã‚  Here the Master has neither exercised due diligence in making ship seaworthy prior departure from load port   which, he could have reduced by informing the Classification society / Administration and the Insurers, leading to obtaining the permission for such voyage with additional measures required to overcome such deficiency authorised and thereby, keeping the Insurance contract Intact based upon â€Å"Utmost Good Faith† complying with Implied warranty terms and, would have better prevented him or his owner in mitigating the financial losses arising due to situations beyond his control,   nor by signing clean B/L he prevented the Carrier’s liability arising later from cargo claims and thereby increasing the financial burden of the cargo loss if any.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"A contract of marine insurance is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes to indemnify the assured, in manner and to the extent thereby agreed, against marine losses and losses incident to marine adventures. It is understood that each will act honestly with the other and assured must disclose every material circumstance known to him. If the assured fails to make disclosures, the insurer may void the contract†(college handout notes).   Therefore the owner here might be denied for even Hull Machinery, cargo losses and the General/Particular averages arising due to the Salvage of the vessel, by the Insurers for even 1/4th collision damage n third party liabilities due to Master not complying with want of due diligence and in Utmost Good Faith and, the Insurer can choose to waive this breach.   However, the burden of proving a breach of the implied warranty of seaworthiness lies on the insurer who alleges it. Therefore by not exercising his contractual obligatory duties according to the COGSA/Hague visby Rules Act and the Marine Insurance Act and the PNI warranties and thereby is in breach of both contractual obligations which   might end up the owners with a denied benefits of Assured indemnities and the heavy financial loss from both Hull and Machinery(3/4th RDC, Salvage and General Average) and, PNI (together with 1/4th collision liabilities) as well as all the insurable interests and will have to bear all these losses. However, since it was found that the other vessel also, was in a situation of unseaworthy at the time of collision, it can be argued and sued for the liabilities and claims becoming due on her part under Both to Blame Collision   cross liabilities clause under   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Marine Insurance Act† as a â€Å"peril of the sea† is an excepted peril, allowing the carrier to avoid cargo loss or HM damage claims arising out of a collision with another ship and which will benefit the Owner in mitigating some losses. General Average: As set out in â€Å"York-Antwerp Rules 2004 A† that any extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure is intentionally and reasonably made or incurred for the common and reasonably made or incurred for the common safety for the purpose of preserving from peril the property involved in a common maritime adventure. (college handout notes).   Where the common maritime adventure / benefits identifies usually three interests – ship, cargo freight.   Since it is proven that own vessel did not depart in seaworthy condition it will be difficult to produce defence against compliance of want of due diligence under Hague Visby Rules / COGSA Act and therefore resulting in owner bearing all expenses under General Average as well as towards cargo claims and salvage expenses. With regard to the other vessels if she proves that she exercised due diligence then the cargo damage because of collision will be covered under the particular average and not the gen Avg under equal loss betwn the cargo of the chtrs and the jettisoned containers will be covered or will come under the Gen Avg because the action which was taken to prevent the ingress was intentional. Salvage:   The services provided to any maritime property in dangerous or hazardous situations in such a way that it results in saving it fully or partially or even saving the marine environment and thus promoting the culture or entitling the such service provider with sufficient reward in size, to the total property saved and thus not exceeding the saved value. The operation will require to be successful to provide the value from which the reward shall be obtained. The law of salvage to be considered in three particular prospects: a)  Ã‚  Common Law: requires voluntary services where the person has no prior interest in the property endangered or under any pre-existing contractual agreement falling within the definition of maritime property. The size of reward depend upon various factors with particular regard to the level of danger ship is in, the skill and expertise of the salvors utilised with degree of risk were exposed to them and, it shall be payable the parties benefited from such services. b)  Ã‚  Statutory Law : The International convention on salvage 1989 enacted by UK by S224 of Merchant Shipping Act 1995 as statute law and will therefore override the common law. c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contract Law: The Master of the salvaged vessel will have the right to conclude the salvage contracts on behalf of the owner of saved vessel. As per Article 7 of   the convention   any contract or contract terms may be considered invalid if the contract was agreed under undue influence of danger and its terms are inequitable or payment agreed is in an excessive degree or too large for the services actually rendered. There are mainly two types of salvage agreements: i)   Ã‚  Services offered on the basis of ordinary tariff or fixed lump sum or daily rate ii)  Ã‚  Services offered on the basis of remunerations to be settled later, whether by agreement or by court judgement or by arbitration under Lloyds Open Form. Depending on the particular case of severity of the dangerous situations and availability of the time the each one has its own advantages and disadvantages for the Master ship which requires assistance.   The Salvage arranged under ordinary tariff   is obviously shall be cheaper and should be obtained if time permits.   However if the time available is crucial in saving the ship or property in imminent danger or imminent danger to the marine environment the the 2nd option of â€Å"Services on the basis of remunerations to be settled later† shall be opted for normally called as salvage agreement under LOF (Lloyds Open Form). The LOF also includes the SCOPIC clause (introduced in LOF 95) as an optional term. The advantages of using LOF 200 salvage agreement are summarised as : The agreement can be transmitted via radio or other electronic means, although an independent witness to the event should be sought and, there is no need to sign the agreement until the salvage services have been completed. The agreement is not likely to be disputed. It is basically â€Å"no cure, no-pay† principle agreement. Any claim applies under English Law. The salvor has maritime lien on the property saved, even after sale of the property to another party. The property saved can be quickly released to the owner on security payment. The salvor will get an interim reward. Any disputes will be referred to an arbitration. Underwriter’s liability can not be increased beyond that for total loss The excessive claims by salvors are avoided. (college handout notes). Analysing the situation for the said case of assignment the own vessel was towed under Lloyds Open Form due to the vessel suffering severe collision damage in the forward it was the best decision to opt for towage under LOF since it was the necessity of the situation to not loose much time in bargaining for contract towage under daily hire agreement because there was a danger of sinking of the vessel quickly as server forward damage and could had resulted in the total loss otherwise of the property. However in case of the other vessel, since she suffered a minor hull damage forward, there was no serious danger to the vessel immediately and had time to bargain and organise for the daily hire agreement resulting in a cheaper option safely. So it was a wise decision to opt for the daily hire agreement for the other vessel. The Master will need to follow the customary procedure when proceeding for of Port of Refuge, arrival and reporting procedure of port of calls and, by following the inward clearance requirement and procedure for unscheduled arrival to POR by appointing   / informing the agent thru owner including intimating the destination agent and the charterers, following the procedures and completing the documentation formalities on arrival in regard to Pilotage/Port arrivals, Port Health, Customs and Immigration etc., Lodging the Note of Protest in front of Notary via agent with records and evidences, informing HM and PNI, Classification society for various surveys towards repairs / dry docking formalities etc. In no way the master should allow the cargo to start till either bonds or guarantees are used to secure payment from contributors, all the formalities have taken place and, all the settlements are finalised between the shipper, owner and the charterer (An Adjuster will calculate payments based on benefit) . Also Before departure Master is to obtain the interim certificate of Class / issuance of certificate of seaworthiness. The action of the master in compliance with appropriate codes and regulations will assist in reducing the carriers liability and mitigating losses against extra ordinary perils of the sea or the situations beyond his control. References: i)   College Hand outs    ii) The shipmasters business companion – Malcolm Maclachlan – 2004   iii)  Business and law for the shipmasters – F.N. Hopkins – 7th edition 1989